The aging of the world's population places greater demands on the development and research of biomedical sensors. The advancement of medical sensing technology can better prevent, detect, and treat a variety of diseases. As an integral part of the healthcare system, it plays a vital role in addressing disease challenges. Key factors in the development of this healthcare system lie in the application of advanced functional biomaterials and the development of new technologies to create intelligent, miniaturized, reliable, low-cost, multifunctional, and highly efficient biomedical sensors. These sensors can continuously monitor and detect the body's status and function in real time, ensuring timely detection and treatment of diseases through uninterrupted observation.

Biosensor definition. A biosensor is a device that uses immobilized biomolecules combined with a transducer to detect environmental chemicals inside or outside a living organism and to specifically interact with them and generate a response.There are two key components of biosensors. One is the molecular recognition component derived from biological tissues, molecules, and individual cells, which is the signal generation and reception part of the biosensor. The other is the instrument's hardware component, which is primarily used for the conversion of physical signals. The detection elements are mainly optical and electrochemical. With the development of science and technology, the continuous influx of new materials, new principles, and new technologies, especially the emergence of biochip technology and micro-electromechanical systems, has enabled biosensors to gradually develop into micro-systems for processing and biological detection characterized by miniaturization, intelligence, integration, and chip-based processing.

Working Principle of Biomedical Sensors. The working principle of biosensors is as follows: the substance being detected combines with the bioactive material through diffusion. After specific molecular recognition, a chemical or physical reaction occurs, generating a series of information. The corresponding chemical or physical transducer converts this information into processable and quantifiable electrical signals. These electrical signals are then output through the signal processing system, which can detect relevant information about the substance being detected.

Biomedical sensors can detect the interactions between biomacromolecules in real time. By dynamically observing the binding and dissociation relationships between antibodies and antigens, the affinity of antibodies can be accurately calculated, which plays an important role in understanding monoclonal antibodies and screening for potential applications.